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人口膨脹 將來吃什么?蒼蠅是個好選擇

預計到2050年,世界人口將攀升至96億大關與此同時,中產(chǎn)階級的比重會逐漸增加,因此對動物制品的需求量也將會增加近70%,但問題是,地球上的資源總量是有限的。據(jù)聯(lián)合國糧農(nóng)組織預計,屆時至少有10億貧困人口依靠飼養(yǎng)牲畜作為食物和經(jīng)濟來源。如此大規(guī)模的飼養(yǎng)牲畜對環(huán)境的造成的影響十分巨大,不僅會排

人口膨脹 將來吃什么?蒼蠅是個好選擇

  預計到2050年,世界人口將攀升至96億大關;與此同時,中產(chǎn)階級的比重會逐漸增加,因此對動物制品的需求量也將會增加近70%,但問題是,地球上的資源總量是有限的。據(jù)聯(lián)合國糧農(nóng)組織預計,屆時至少有10億貧困人口依靠飼養(yǎng)牲畜作為食物和經(jīng)濟來源。

  如此大規(guī)模的飼養(yǎng)牲畜對環(huán)境的造成的影響十分巨大,不僅會排放大量的溫室氣體(占總排放量的14.5%,數(shù)據(jù)來自:FAO),且占用大量的自然資源。

  飼養(yǎng)更多的牲畜意味著需要種植更多的飼料作物,如玉米和大豆。然而土地資源是有限的。干旱,氣候變暖等大環(huán)境因素,使得問題更加棘手。為此,科學家在研制轉基因耐旱作物的同時,也在考慮傳統(tǒng)飼料的替代品:蒼蠅。

  雖說在世界上的一些地區(qū),當?shù)厝艘呀?jīng)吃了幾個世紀的昆蟲,但是本質上,普羅大眾從內心是拒絕用“嘎嘣脆,雞肉味”作為食物的主要來源的。既然如此,不妨換個角度想:既然人類不愿意吃蟲子,那用昆蟲代替?zhèn)鹘y(tǒng)飼料,喂養(yǎng)牲畜如何?

  營養(yǎng)豐富的黑水虻

  黑水虻,學名Hermetiaillucens,是一種廣泛存在于各個大陸的昆蟲(包括南極洲)。對黑水虻最早的描述始見于1758年。但直到現(xiàn)在,黑水虻的潛力才被真正挖掘:一項由澳大利亞,加拿大,印度,南非和美國的科學家共同開展的研究,開始將營養(yǎng)豐富的黑水虻的幼蟲作為可持續(xù)性的農(nóng)業(yè)飼料。

  之所以選擇黑水虻,一個重要的原因是它旺盛的食欲。一只幼蟲平均每天進食0.5克有機物。事實上,幼蟲能夠消化/分解絕大部分的生活垃圾,諸如爛掉的水果蔬菜,腐敗的肉類,以及糞便(如果非要堅持的話),并能夠將其高效轉化為自身的脂肪、油、氨基酸、鈣和蛋白質。

  黑水虻幼蟲富含45%的粗蛋白,因其高營養(yǎng)價值,已經(jīng)引起了農(nóng)業(yè)界的關注。研究表明,黑水虻飼料可以很大程度上替代、甚至完全替代常規(guī)飼料,吃過都說好的人工飼養(yǎng)禽畜包括雞,豬,鱷魚,以及一些人工養(yǎng)殖水產(chǎn),例如藍羅非魚、鮭魚和蝦。

  而且,在那些喂食幼蟲飼料的禽畜身上,并未檢測出任何副作用。此外還發(fā)現(xiàn),黑水虻能夠減少牛糞當中的大腸桿菌。飼養(yǎng)黑水虻幼蟲做飼料,所帶來的環(huán)保效應是巨大的。以哥斯達黎加為例:75%的生活垃圾被用來喂食黑水虻幼蟲。這對澳大利亞而言,具有很強的吸引力。通過黑水虻幼蟲能夠解決數(shù)以萬噸的生活垃圾和商業(yè)食物垃圾,有效減少填埋場負擔。

  一只雌性黑水虻最多能夠產(chǎn)下600只卵,這些卵很快孵化出幼蟲,每只幼蟲平均可吞食0.5克的有機物。這樣一來,這一大家子不停的吃呀吃,每年能夠干掉整戶人家的一整年的廚余垃圾。

  一座黑水虻養(yǎng)殖場,不僅能夠有效減少垃圾填埋量,還能變廢為寶,將有機物廢棄物轉化成具有商業(yè)價值的東西。同樣是用來喂養(yǎng)牲口,黑水虻養(yǎng)殖場的占地面積,相較傳統(tǒng)農(nóng)作物種植面積而言,無疑小了許多。而且前者能夠在倉庫或者小型農(nóng)場中搭建。

  目前,有超過半數(shù)的耕地面積,被用來種植作為牲畜飼料的農(nóng)作物。如果能夠搭建更多的黑水虻養(yǎng)殖場,一部分種植飼料的土地就能夠騰出來,種植供人類食用的農(nóng)作物。或者干脆什么都不種,讓土地修養(yǎng)生息。

  黑水虻養(yǎng)殖場還有另一項不容小覷的經(jīng)濟價值。到了“收獲”階段,黑水虻的幼蟲由于富含油脂,且易于提取,因此可以用來制造生物柴油。隨著這項研究的進一步深入,提取的生物柴油能夠順利商業(yè)化,一來可以緩解日益枯竭的化石燃料的需求,二來對于大規(guī)模養(yǎng)殖黑水虻的國家而言,能夠提供可靠的營收。

  那么問題來了:消費者會買賬么?

  推廣黑水虻養(yǎng)殖場,最主要的限制因素,是消費者的態(tài)度。作為消費者,你是否會去選購吃黑水虻幼蟲長大的牛羊豬肉?或者,購買黑水虻幼蟲作為飼料/寵物食品?

  “好消息”是,消費者吃不出,也聞不出谷飼肉和蛆飼肉的區(qū)別。在你我的有生之年,人類生存的最大挑戰(zhàn)便是,如何以有限的資源喂飽日益增長的人口。如果我們想要延續(xù)農(nóng)業(yè)畜牧業(yè)的優(yōu)良傳統(tǒng),以現(xiàn)存資源之有限,必須去尋找新的突破口,比如上面提到的,黑水虻養(yǎng)殖場。

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