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讓蚊子斷子絕孫,Alphabet 將用 AI 對(duì)付“吸血鬼”

如果一切順利,Alphabet(谷歌母公司)將幫助多個(gè)社區(qū)消滅惱人的蟲(chóng)害,而擔(dān)負(fù)這一重任的是Alphabet旗下的生命科學(xué)部門(mén)Verily,除了相關(guān)生物技術(shù),機(jī)器學(xué)習(xí)和計(jì)算機(jī)視覺(jué)技術(shù)還成了滅蚊行動(dòng)的幕后功臣。

讓蚊子斷子絕孫,Alphabet 將用 AI 對(duì)付“吸血鬼”

  如果一切順利,Alphabet(谷歌母公司)將幫助多個(gè)社區(qū)消滅惱人的蟲(chóng)害,而擔(dān)負(fù)這一重任的是Alphabet旗下的生命科學(xué)部門(mén)Verily,除了相關(guān)生物技術(shù),機(jī)器學(xué)習(xí)和計(jì)算機(jī)視覺(jué)技術(shù)還成了滅蚊行動(dòng)的幕后功臣。

  Verily在名為“除蟲(chóng)”的項(xiàng)目上已經(jīng)做了多年努力,它們的目標(biāo)是減少一種名為“埃及伊蚊”(Aedesaegypti)的蚊子數(shù)量,這種“吸血鬼”會(huì)傳播包括登革熱、寨卡病毒和黃熱病等致命病毒。

  近些年來(lái),Verily的團(tuán)隊(duì)不斷壯大,它吸納了大量蚊子生物學(xué)家和計(jì)算機(jī)科學(xué)家,眼下該公司正在開(kāi)發(fā)名為“昆蟲(chóng)不育術(shù)”的技術(shù),其目的是通過(guò)讓蚊子不孕不育來(lái)控制其種群數(shù)量。

  那么這種讓蚊子“斷子絕孫”的技術(shù)到底怎么實(shí)施呢?原來(lái)研究人員會(huì)釋放大量雄性埃及伊蚊到野外與雌性蚊子“嘿嘿嘿”,但這些雄性蚊子都不孕不育,因此它們產(chǎn)出的蟲(chóng)卵根本沒(méi)有孵化的機(jī)會(huì)。對(duì)于一些飛行范圍非常有限,且一生只會(huì)做一次“羞羞的事”的蚊子來(lái)說(shuō),這一方式確實(shí)是最有效的種群數(shù)量控制手段。

  雖說(shuō)這是件利國(guó)利民的大好事,但對(duì)于一直以高大上面目示人的GoogleX旗下的Verily來(lái)說(shuō),還是有些古怪。不過(guò),Verily公司工程副總裁LinusUpson表示,在普林斯頓讀研究生時(shí)他就對(duì)這一問(wèn)題產(chǎn)生了濃厚的興趣。“蚊子可不只會(huì)在你身上留個(gè)大包,它攜帶的疾病可能會(huì)致死,每年全世界被它們害死的人數(shù)僅次于車(chē)禍。”Upson說(shuō)道。

  近些年來(lái),有許多人對(duì)于通過(guò)改變昆蟲(chóng)生物結(jié)構(gòu)達(dá)到數(shù)量控制的方法表達(dá)了擔(dān)憂(yōu)。前段時(shí)間寨卡病毒侵襲佛羅里達(dá)時(shí),就有一家名為Oxitec的公司推出了一種反制技術(shù),它們會(huì)在埃及伊蚊的蟲(chóng)卵內(nèi)植入“殺滅基因”。不過(guò),當(dāng)?shù)鼐用駥?duì)此表示了擔(dān)憂(yōu),他們擔(dān)心自己會(huì)成為試驗(yàn)品。

  為了減少居民的擔(dān)心,Verily的“除蟲(chóng)”項(xiàng)目走了非基因改造的路子,他們會(huì)用一種名為沃爾巴克氏體的細(xì)菌幫助雄性蚊子絕育。

  今年夏天,一家名為MosquitoMate的公司就利用這種細(xì)菌制造了全新的殺蟲(chóng)劑。肯塔基大學(xué)的StephenDobson實(shí)驗(yàn)室已經(jīng)對(duì)這種細(xì)菌進(jìn)行了實(shí)地測(cè)試,而今年8月,加州小城克洛維斯則直接釋放了40萬(wàn)只不育雄蚊來(lái)控制埃及伊蚊的種群數(shù)量。

  除了用細(xì)菌給雄蚊絕育,Verily還用上了機(jī)器學(xué)習(xí)和計(jì)算機(jī)視覺(jué)技術(shù)。該公司的新算法可以通過(guò)細(xì)微的物理特征快速的區(qū)分蚊子的性別。在此之前,研究人員通常需要人工對(duì)它們的性別進(jìn)行區(qū)分,這一方式不僅耗時(shí)巨大、且錯(cuò)誤率較高。

  在官方博客中,Verily還表示自己正在研發(fā)自動(dòng)飼養(yǎng)和釋放絕育雄蚊的原型產(chǎn)品,同時(shí)它們還在開(kāi)發(fā)可以追蹤蚊子種類(lèi)、種群的新型傳感器。

  “任何能提高自動(dòng)化和準(zhǔn)確性的方法都值得點(diǎn)贊,不過(guò)其前提是不會(huì)錯(cuò)誤的釋放雌性蚊子,”賓夕法尼亞大學(xué)副教授JasonL.Rasgon說(shuō)道,他是昆蟲(chóng)學(xué)和疾病流行病學(xué)專(zhuān)家。他認(rèn)為,如果Verily能證明這項(xiàng)技術(shù)確實(shí)有效,就能讓人們更廣泛的接受它。

  眼下,Upson承認(rèn)Verily的技術(shù)還不夠完美,不過(guò)它會(huì)隨著時(shí)間不斷成熟。“我們現(xiàn)在還處于研究的初級(jí)階段,不過(guò)在蚊子性別的識(shí)別準(zhǔn)確率上已經(jīng)有了相當(dāng)高的水平。”

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